In a sewer or stormwater utility, flow can generally be considered one-dimensional (1D). Flow passes through linear conduits, channels, culverts, and gutters, and for the most part, these can be modeled as 1D elements connected by manholes, junctions, and cross...

We all know that chlorine is a toxic chemical. That’s why we use it to kill harmful microbes in drinking water, but we don’t want to chlorinate to kill aquatic life in our lakes and rivers or have them smelling...

Valves tend to be the most ignored appurtenances in our systems … until you need them, then they are the most valuable. If you never had to shut down a portion of your distribution system to repair a break or...

I occasionally hear people say they use a second-order equation to model chlorine decay when in a perfect world, chlorine decay should follow a first-order model. I wondered why that worked. As a matter of review for those who haven’t...