Some of the most famous inventions were happy accidents. In 1827, English pharmacist John Walker was puttering around at home when he clumsily scraped a chemical-coated stick across his hearth, which burst into flames, sparking the idea for the friction match. A century later, Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming returned from vacation to an untidy lab and noticed a strange mold in a petri dish, which he called āpenicilin.ā But most groundbreaking discoveries arenāt so serendipitous. The worldās architects and engineers have spent centuries meticulously advancing the science of designing and building bridges, roads, dams and other infrastructure. Their work is deliberate, iterative and empirical. It builds on the knowledge and insights of those who came before them. Their journey started with a letter from the Old Babylonian Empire, which ended about 3,600 years ago and commonly used clay tablets to record and share information. The letter ādocuments the drawing of architectural ground plans,ā according to historians. More than 3,000 years later, Leonardo da Vinci drew on paper stunning conceptual plans and sketches for buildings, bridges, and cities. A few hundred years later, at the start of the Industrial Revolution, French mathematician Gaspard Monge invented descriptive geometry, a system that allowed