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Pad Project designs entirely in 3D, providing an innovative solution to an innovative design project....
by April Reed
Picking the right number of pumps and which ones to run at any time without wasting energy is tricky. The problem gets especially tricky when you have the potential to mix constant and variable speed pumps, and there is no...

by Tom Walski
A key input to any model with pumps is some form of pump head curve showing flow vs. pump head. Given the curve, the model can tell the user the exact point on the pump curve at which the pump...

by Tom Walski
The fixture unit method (in some places called fixture value method) was developed by Roy B. Hunter from the US Bureau of Standards, based on research conducted by Hunter in the 1920s and 30s (Hunter, 1940). Every fixture in a...

by Tom Walski
They are nonlinear, partial differential equations which are about the worst kinds of equations to solve. About the only things that can make them worse are changes in state (e.g. steam condensing) or non-Newtonian fluids (e.g. mudflows). Numerous researchers have...

by Tom Walski
One of the most important inputs to transient analysis is the speed of the pressure wave (called celerity) moving through the pipes. The speed depends on the fluid properties and pipe properties and has a significant impact on the magnitude...

by Tom Walski
Flushing water mains is one of the accepted methods for cleaning a water main and reduce water quality complaints due to color and turbidity, or to bring fresh water with a high disinfectant residual into an area with low disinfectant...

by Tom Walski
In order to do any kind of hydraulic modeling, whether it is for water distribution, sewage or stormwater, it is necessary to determine the head loss over a range of flow rates. Much of the early days of hydraulic engineering...

by Tom Walski